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Bilingualism is practiced by more than half of the world’s population. Simultaneous bilingualism, where two languages are acquired from birth, can present challenges such as lexical and phonological interferences and requires rich linguistic exposure for optimal development. This dissertation analyzes the lexical, phonological, and cognitive development of thirty French-Portuguese bilingual children living in France and Switzerland, aged between 16 and 35 months. The studies focus on vocabulary, phonology, and executive functions, using adapted tools to measure these aspects. The results show that bilingual children have a vocabulary size comparable to that of monolinguals, that phonological memory influences lexical development, and that executive functions play a complex role in lexical development. This dissertation highlights the importance of early and continuous linguistic exposure for bilingual development.